The best resume I have ever seen-Dr. Manmohan Singh's resume

RESUME


EDUCATION /Qualification:

1950 : Stood first in BA (Hons), Economics, Punjab University , Chandigarh ,
1952 : Stood first in MA (Economics), Punjab University , Chandigarh ,
1954 : Wright's Prize for distinguished performance at St John's College , Cambridge ,
1955 – 57 : Wrenbury scholar, University of Cambridge ,
1957 : DPhil ( Oxford ), DLitt (Honoris Causa); PhD thesis on India 's export competitiveness

OCCUPATION /Teaching Experience:

Professor (Senior lecturer, Economics, 1957-59;
Reader, Economics, 1959-63;
Professor, Economics, Punjab University , Chandigarh , 1963-65;

Professor, Inter national Trade, Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi , 1969-71;

Honorary professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , 1976

and Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi ,1996 and Civil Servant



Working Experience/ POSITIONS:

1971-72: Economic advisor, ministry of foreign trade
1972-76: Chief economic advisor, ministry of finance
1976-80: Director, Reserve Bank of India ; Director, Industrial Development Bank of India ;
Alternate governor for India , Board of governors, Asian Development Bank;
Alternate governor for India , Board of governors, IBRD
November 1976 - April 1980: Secretary, ministry of finance (Department of economic affairs);
Member, finance, Atomic Energy Commission; Member, finance, Space Commission
April 1980 - September 15, 1982: Member- Secretary, Planning Commission
1980-83: Chairman , India Committee of the Indo-Japan joint study committee September 16, 1982 - January 14, 1985: Governor, Reserve Bank of India ...
1982-85: Alternate Governor for India , Board of governors, International Monetary Fund
1983-84: Member, economic advisory council to the Prime Minister
1985: President, Indian Economic Association
January 15, 1985 - July 31, 1987: Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission
August 1, 1987 - November 10, 1990: Secretary-general and commissioner, south commission, Geneva
December 10, 1990 - March 14, 1991: Advisor to the Prime Minister on economic affairs
March 15, 1991 - June 20, 1991: Chairman, UGC
June 21, 1991 - May 15, 1996: Union finance minister
October 1991: Elected to Rajya Sabha from Assam on Congress ticket
June 1995: Re-elected to Rajya Sabha
1996 onwards: Member, Consultative Committee for the ministry of finance
August 1, 1996 - December 4, 1997: Chairman, Parliamentary standing committee on commerce
March 21, 1998 onwards: Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha
June 5, 1998 onwards: Member, committee on finance
August 13, 1998 onwards: Member, committee on rules
Aug 1998-2001: Member, committee of privileges 2000 onwards: Member, executive committee, Indian parliamentary group
June 2001: Re-elected to Rajya Sabha
Aug 2001 onwards: Member, general purposes committee

BOOKS:

India 's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth -Clarendon
Press, Oxford University , 1964; also published a large number of articles in various economic journals.

OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Adam Smith Prize, University of Cambridge , 1956
Padma Vibhushan, 1987
Euro money Award, Finance Minister of the Year, 1993;
Asia money Award, Finance Minister of the Year for Asia , 1993 and 1994

INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS:

1966: Economic Affairs Officer
1966-69: Chief, financing for trade section, UNCTAD
1972-74: Deputy for India in IMF Committee of Twenty on International Monetary Reform
1977-79: Indian delegation to Aid-India Consortium Meetings
1980-82: Indo-Soviet joint planning group meeting
1982: Indo-Soviet monitoring group meeting
1993: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Cyprus 1993: Human Rights World Conference, Vienna

RECREATION

Gymkhana Club, New Delhi ; Life Member , India International Centre, New Delhi

PERSONAL PROFILE

Name : Dr. Manmohan Singh
DOB : September 26, 1932
Place of Birth : Gah (West Punjab)
Father : S. Gurmukh Singh
Mother : Mrs. Amrit Kaur
Married on : September 14, 1958
Wife : Mrs. Gursharan Kaur
Children : Three daughters

Our Prime Minister is possibly the most qualified PM all over the world.

Pass this to every INDIAN.... and be PROUD to be an INDIAN ...
Proud to have such an Educated Prime Minister….

Analogy between a hospital and a computer system

Believe it or not. Lots of similarities exist between a computer system and a hospital. In fact, a computer system may be viewed in analogy with a hospital. The following analogy exists between hospital and a computer system:->
DOCTOR < ------ > OPERATING SYSTEM
PATIENTS <----- > PROCESSES
ROOMS AND EQUIPMENTS< ----- > RESOURCES OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM

=>Whenever a patient goes to the hospital, he is first attended to by the receptionist at the reception of the hospital. Here patient is made a slip containing his name, his patient number etc. This is similar to the creation of a new process in the computer. When a new process is created, a PCB( Process Cotrol Block) containing the Process_ID, Process_name is made.

=> After this, the patient is handled by a compounder and is taken care of. He is asked of his problems and treated accordingly. His temperature is checked by a thermometer. His BP is also monitored. And the patient is made to wait until the doctor is free. This is similar to allotting resources to a process by the operating system's routines. Similarly, after the allocation of resources, the process is made to wait in the ready queue until the processor gets time to handle it.

=> Then after when the doctor gets free, he attends to the patient. And if he thinks the necessity of some tests, sends the patient to the hospital laboratory(Resource allocation) for tests. And himself gets ready to see another patient.
similarly, the processor processes the process until it is blocked an instead of waiting for it to be resumed, shifts over to another process.

Thus we see how closely a computer systems resembles to a hospital. In fact, computer can be thought of as analogous to any other system. The only thing you need is imagination.

Getting your site indexed on google

Now it is possible to index your website on google database by yourself. What you have to do is to follow these steps:

=> Make sure that the website is ready(i.e. no broken links, has enough unique content etc)

=> Optimize the keywords that are highly related with your website content. You should use your main keyword for each page in the file name, meta tags, in the heading of the page as well as in the first few sentences of the page preferably at the beginning of the first sentence. Also use the same keyword a few times throughout your page.

=> Create a sitemap for your website. Sitemap is a formatted file with an xml extension. It contains the URLs for all of your pages in your website. You can use free online or offline tools available to generate your sitemap file.

=> Upload the sitemap file to your website root directiory.

=> Goto google webmasters tools and log in using your google account. Create if you dont have one. Its free.

=> Type your website full URL in the "Add Site" field on the top of google sitemap page and click OK.

=> Click the add sitemap link on the right of your website name.

=> Choose "General

APPLE INTRODUCES THE IPHONE 3GS

The Fastest iPhone Ever

The first thing you’ll notice about iPhone 3G S is how quickly you can launch applications. Web pages render in a fraction of the time, and you can view email attachments faster. Improved performance and updated 3D graphics deliver an incredible gaming experience, too. In fact, everything you do on iPhone 3G S is up to 2x faster and more responsive than ever.

VIDEO
Now you can shoot video, edit it and share it — all on your iPhone 3G S. Shoot high-quality VGA video in portrait or landscape. Trim your footage by adjusting start and end points. Then share your video in an email, post it to your MobileMe gallery, publish it on YouTube or sync it back to your Mac or PC using iTunes.


3-Megapixel Camera

The new 3-megapixel camera takes great still photos, too, thanks to built-in autofocus and a handy new feature that lets you tap the display to focus on anything (or anyone) you want.


Voice Control

Voice Control recognises the names in your Contacts and knows the music on your iPod. So if you want to place a call or play a song, all you have to do is ask.

Compass

With a built-in digital compass, iPhone 3G S can point the way. Use the new Compass app or watch as it automatically reorients maps to match the direction you’re facing.

Landscape Keyboard

Want more room to type on the intelligent software keyboard? Rotate iPhone to landscape to use a larger keyboard in Mail, Messages, Notes and Safari.

Messages

Send messages with text, video, photos, audio, locations and contact information. You can even forward one or more messages to others.


Accessibility

iPhone 3G S offers accessibility features to assist users who are visually or hearing impaired. These features include the VoiceOver screen reader, a Zoom feature, White on Black display options, Mono Audio and more.


Internet Tethering

Surf the web from practically anywhere. Now you can share the 3G connection on your iPhone with your Mac notebook or PC laptop.


Nike + iPod

iPhone includes built-in Nike + iPod support. Just slip the Nike + iPod Sensor (available separately) into your Nike+ shoe and start your workout.


YouTube

Watch YouTube videos wherever you are. Log in to your YouTube account to save and sync bookmarks and rate your favourites.


Everything you love about iPhone.

Phone, iPod and Internet device in one, iPhone 3G S offers desktop-class email, an amazing Maps application and Safari — the world’s most advanced mobile web browser. And your iPhone does even more when you add apps from the App Store.

How do we vote in India with Electronic Voting machine

India is going to polls during the months of April and May 2009. Elections in India employ Electronic Voting machine(EVM). These machines are manufactured by two companies owned by the defense department.

The electronic voting machines that we use, have two parts :- a control unit and a balloting unit. They are interconnected by a flat ribbon cable of 5m length.

The Indian Electronic Voting machine

The balloting unit enables the voters to cast their votes. Each balloting unit can accommodate 16 candidates. 4 such units can be cascaded and connected to a single control unit.


Balloting unit Control Unit

The connecting cable is permanently attached to the balloting unit. It is connected to the control unit via a connector on the rear. Also, the main on off switch is on the rear side of control unit.

The various parts of balloting unit is shown below.

A voter can vote when the ready lamp glows. He can press the candidate button shown against his candidate. As soon as the button press is received the unit produces a long beep sound and the candidate lamp glows.

The control unit is organized as shown below.


The control unit has several functions. These are performed at different points of election process. It is powered by a 6V rugged battery. The battery and candidate set switch are sealed before delivery to the polling station. The polling officials are not supposed to open this section. The candidate set button can be used to set the number of candidates on the balloting unit. Also the same control unit can be used for 2 simultaneous elections ( ie Parliament elections and state elections.)

The result section is used for displaying the results, closing the poll and resetting the machine. This section is sealed at the start of the election in the presence of polling agents





At the end of the polling the close bottom is pressed and the machine is sealed again. The ballot section on the bottom of the control unit is used along with the balloting unit. As soon as a voter is identified, the officer in charge of the control unit presses the ballot button. The busy lamp on the top of the control unit glows along with the ready lamp on the balloting unit. When a voter casts his vote, the busy light goes off.

The total button can be used to find out the number of votes cast at any time.




The polls start at 7 am in the morning and end at 5pm. Before the start of actual poll, a mock poll will be conducted. This is to ensure that EVM is not having any preset votes and to make sure that the machine works as advertised. The result section will be sealed and signatures of polling agents and presiding officer will be affixed on the seal.at this time At the end of the polls the close button is pressed. The machine is sealed again and put into a box and returned to a counting center.

Getting geographic location by IP address

Getting the Internet Protocol or the IP Address of a remote system is said to the most important step in hacking of a system. Sometimes, however we get an IP in order to get more information on someone or some host. But, how can an IP Address be used to get more information on the location etc of a system? Well, this manual is aimed at answering just this question.

Actually, the IP address (Actually the entire TCP/IP Protocol) is structured or designed such that one cannot tell as to in which country a system having the given IP is situated, by simply looking at it. An IP Address has no fields, which tell you the country in which the computer using it resides in. So, all myths like ‘The Second or the third field of an IP stands for the country in which the system using it resides’ are definitely false and untrue.

However, yes sometimes one can guess or deduce as to in which country and even in which city the system using an IP resides in, by simply looking at the first three fields of the IP. Let us take an example to understand what I mean to say by this. Now, before I move on the example, let us understand how exactly IP Addresses are awarded to you.

Firstly, your ISP registers at the central authority and gets a particular range of IP addresses between which the various customers (people who dial into their servers) can be awarded IP addresses. Most ISP’s are given a Class C network Address. A class C Network address contains a 24-bit Network Prefix (the first three fields) and an 8-bit Host number (the last field). It is referred to as "24's" and is commonly used by most ISP's.

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HACKING TRUTH: For the benefit of beginners, I have included below a snippet from one of my earlier manuals, which explains IP Addresses better: (Even if you are not a newbie, I do suggest you read the below snippet, as it might just be helpful.)

Like in the real world, everyone has got an individual Home Address or telephone number so that, that particular individual can be contacted on that number or address, similarly all computers connected to the

Internet are given a unique Internet Protocol or IP address which can be used to contact that particular computer. In geek language an IP address would be a decimal notation that divides the 32- bit Internet addresses (IP) into four 8-bit fields.

Does the IP address give me some information or do the numbers stand for anything?

Let take the example of the following IP address: 202.144.49.110 Now the first part, the numbers before the first decimal i.e. 209 is the Network number or the Network Prefix.. This means that it identifies the number of the network in which the host is. The second part i.e. 144 is the Host Number that is it identifies the number of the host within the Network. This means that in the same Network, the network number is same. In order to provide flexibility in the size of the Network, here are different classes of IP addresses:

Address Class Dotted Decimal Notation Ranges

Class A ( /8 Prefixes) 1.xxx.xxx.xxx through 126.xxx.xxx.xxx

Class B ( /16 Prefixes) 128.0.xxx.xxx through 191.255.xxx.xxx

Class C ( /24 Prefixes) 192.0.0.xxx through 223.255.255.xxx

The various classes will be clearer after reading the next few lines.

Each Class A Network Address contains a 8 bit Network Prefix followed by a 24-bit host number. They are considered to be primitive. They are referred to as "/8''s" or just "8's" as they have an 8-bit Network prefix.

In a Class B Network Address there is a 16 bit Network Prefix followed by a 16-bit Host number. It is referred to as "16's".

A class C Network address contains a 24-bit Network Prefix and a 8 bit Host number. It is referred to as

"24's" and is commonly used by most ISP's.

Due to the growing size of the Internet the Network Administrators faced many problems. The Internet routing tables were beginning to grow and now the administrators had to request another network number from the Internet before a new network could be installed at their site. This is where sub-netting came in.

Now if your ISP is a big one and if it provides you with dynamic IP addresses then you will most probably see that whenever you log on to the net, your IP address will have the same first 24 bits and only the last 8 bits will keep changing. This is due to the fact that when sub-netting comes in then the IP Addresses structure becomes:

xxx.xxx.zzz.yyy

where the first 2 parts are Network Prefix numbers and the zzz is the Subnet number and the yyy is the host number. So you are always connected to the same Subnet within the same Network. As a result the first 3 parts will remain the same and only the last part i.e. yyy is variable.

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For Example, if say an ISP xyz is given the IP: 203.98.12.xx Network address then you can be awarded any IP, whose first three fields are 203.98.12. Get it?

So, basically this means that each ISP has a particular range in which to allocate all its subscribers. Or in other words, all subscribers or all people connected to the internet using the same ISP, will have to be in this range. This in effect would mean that all people using the same ISP are likely to have the same first three fields of their IP Addresses.

This means that if you have done a lot of (By this I really mean a lot) of research, then you could figure out which ISP a person is using by simply looking at his IP. The ISP name could then be used to figure out the city and the country of the person. Right? Let me take an example to stress as to how cumbersome but easy (once the research is done) the above method can be.

In my country, say there are three main ISP’s:

ISP Name Network Address Allotted

ISP I 203.94.47.xx

ISP II 202.92.12.xx

ISP III 203.91.35.xx

Now, if I get to know the IP of an e-pal of mine, and it reads: 203.91.35.12, then I can pretty easily figure out that he uses ISP III to connect to the internet. Right? You might say that any idiot would be able to do this. Well, yes and no. You see, the above method of finding out the ISP of a person was successful only because we already had the ISP and Network Address Allotted list with us. So, what my point is, that the above method can be successful only after a lot of research and experimentation. And, I do think such research can be helpful sometimes.

Also, this would not work, if you take it all on in larger scale. What if the IP that you have belongs to someone living in a remote igloo in the North Pole? You could not possibly get the Network Addresses of all the ISP’s in the world, could you?

NOTE: In the above case, you also get to know the city of the system using the given IP, as most ISP’s use different network addresses in different cities. Also, some ISP’s are operational in a single city.

So, is there a better method of getting the location of an IP? Yes, Reverse DNS lookups hold the key.

Just as DNS lookup converts the hostname into IP address, a Reverse DNS Lookup converts the IP address of a host to the hostname. By hostname, what I mean to say is that it given us the name of the remote system in alphabets and numbers and periods. For Example, mail2.bol.net.in would be a hostname, while 203.45.67.98 would not be a hostname.

The popular and wonderful Unix utility ‘nslookup’ can be used for performing Reverse DNS lookups.

So, if you using a *nix box or if you have access to a shell account, then the first this to do is to locate where the nslookup command is hidden by issuing the following command:

' whereis nslookup '.

Once you locate where the utility is hidden, you could easily use it to perform both normal and reverse DNS lookups. As this is not a manual on using the ‘nslookup’ command, I will simply giving a basic relevant outline. In order to get a more detailed description of how this works or how to use it, read the *nix man pages or the documentation.

We can use ‘nslookup’ to perform a reverse DNS lookup by mentioning the IP of the host at the prompt.

For Example,

$>nslookup IP Address

Note: The below IP’s and corresponding hostnames have been made up. They may not actually exist.

Let us say, that above, instead of IP Address, we type 203.94.12.01 (which would be the IP I want to trace.).

$>nslookup 203.94.12.01

Then, you would receive a response similar to: mail2.bol.net.in

Now, if you carefully look at the hostname that the Reverse DNS lookup, gave us, then the last part reveals the country in which system resides in. You see, the ‘.in’ part signifies that the system is located in India. All countries have been allotted country codes, which more often than not are the last part of the hostnames of the systems located in that country. This method can also be used to figure out as to which country a person lives in, if you know his email address. For Example, if a person has an email address ending in .ph then he probably lives in Philippines and if it ends in .il then he lives in Israel and so on. Some common country codes are:

Country Code

Australia .au

Indonesia .id

India .in

Japan .jp

Israel .il

Britain .uk

For a complete list of country codes, visit:

http://www.alldomains.com

http://www.iana.org/domain-names.html

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General Extra Tip: To get the complete list of US State Abbreviation codes, visit:

http://www.usps.gov/ncsc/lookups/abbr_state.txt

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Windows users can perform Reverse DNS queries by downloading an utility called Samspade from: www.samspade.com

Another method of getting the exact geographical location of a system on the globe is by making use of the WHOIS database. The WHOIS database is basically the main database, which contains a variety of information like contact details, name etc on the person who owns a particular domain name. So, basically what one does in a WHOIS query, is supply the WHOIS service with the hostname on which he wants more information. The WHOIS service then replies with the information stored in its database.

This method can be used to get some pretty accurate information on a particular IP or hostname; however, it is probably of no use if you are trying to point out the exact location of a dynamic IP. But, again this can be used to get atleast the city in which the ISP used by the victim is situated.

You can carry out WHOIS queries at: http://www.allwhois.com

You could also directly enter the following in the location bar of your Browser and perform a WHOIS enquiry.

Enter the following in the location bar of your browser:

http://205.177.25.9/cgi-bin/whois?abc.com

Note: Replace abc.com with the domain name on which you want to perform a WHOIS query.

This method cannot be used to get the contact address of a person, if the IP that you use to trace him, belongs to his ISP. So, either you need to know the domain name (which is registered on his name) or have to remain satisfied knowing only the city (and ISP) used by the person.

Say, the victim has registered a domain name and you want to use it to find out the city in which he resides. Now, one thing to remember in this case is that, if the victim has registered the domain name using any of the various free .com registration services like Namezero.com etc, then the domain name would probably be registered on the company’s name and not the victim’s name. So, a WHOIS query will give information on the ISP and not the victim.

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NEWBIE NOTE: The WHOIS service by default runs on Port 43 of a system. Try performing a WHOIS query by telnetting to Port 43 and manually typing out the query. I have never tried it, however, it might be fun.

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Yet another and probably the second most efficient method (after Reverse DNS queries) of tracing an IP to its exact geographical location, is to carry out a ‘traceroute’ on it. The ‘tracert’ or ‘traceroute’ commands give you the names or IP’s of the routers through which it passes, before reaching the destination. Windows users can perform a trace of an IP, by typing the following at the command line prompt:

C:\windows>tracert IP or Hostname

For more information about the usage and syntax of this command, type: ‘tracert’ at the command prompt.

Anyway, now let us see what is the result, when I do a tracert on my IP. Remember I live in New Delhi which is a city in India. Watch the names of the hostnames closely, as you will find that they reveal the cities through which the packet passes.

C:\windows>tracert 203.94.12.54

Tracing route to 203.94.12.54 over a maximum of 30 hops

1 abc.netzero.com (232.61.41.251) 2 ms 1 ms 1 ms

2 xyz.Netzero.com (232.61.41.0) 5 ms 5 ms 5 ms

3 232.61.41.10 (232.61.41.251) 9 ms 11 ms 13 ms

4 we21.spectranet.com (196.01.83.12) 535 ms 549 ms 513 ms

5 isp.net.ny (196.23.0.0) 562 ms 596 ms 600 ms

6 196.23.0.25 (196.23.0.25) 1195 ms1204 ms

7 backbone.isp.ny (198.87.12.11) 1208 ms1216 ms1233 ms

8 asianet.com (202.12.32.10) 1210 ms1239 ms1211 ms

9 south.asinet.com (202.10.10.10) 1069 ms1087 ms1122 ms

10 backbone.vsnl.net.in (203.98.46.01) 1064 ms1109 ms1061 ms

11 newdelhi-01.backbone.vsnl.net.in (203.102.46.01) 1185 ms1146 ms1203 ms

12 newdelhi-00.backbone.vsnl.net.in (203.102.46.02) ms1159 ms1073 ms

13 mtnl.net.in (203.194.56.00) 1052 ms 642 ms 658 ms

So, the above shows us that the route taken by a data to reach the supplied IP is somewhat like this:

Netzero (ISP from which the data is sent) ---à Spectranet (A Backbone Provider) -----à New York ISP ---àNew York Backbone -à Asia --à South Asia -à India Backbone --à New Delhi Backbone --à Another router in New Delhi Backbone ---à New Delhi ISP.

So, basically this tracert does reveal my real location, which is: New Delhi, India, South Asia. Get it?

Sometimes, doing a ‘tracert’ on an IP, does not give useful information. You see in the above example, the hostnames returned revealed the city or country in which the system is located. Although, more often than not, you will get such helpful hostnames, sometimes the hostnames returned are very vague and unhelpful.

So what do you do then? Well, fret not. Simply do the below procedure.

Let us say that the trace ends at the hostname abc.com. This is very vague and gives absolutely no clue as to where the system is located. However, what you could do is, launch your browser and visit: http://www.abc.com Now, abc.com is probably an ISP and an ISP, will definitely give its location and the cities in which it operates. So, you could still have a good chance of learning the definite city of the victim.

A very interesting utility is the VisualRoute utility, (http://www.visualroute.com) which traces a hostname or IP and shows the path taken by the packet to reach the destination on a world map. It is very useful and reveals some excellent information. However, it sometimes does tend to be inaccurate.

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HACKING TRUTH: Say you have found out the ISP of a person and simply want to learn as to in which country the person resides in. However, visiting the ISP website doesn’t help. Nor does the hostname help. So, what do you do? Well, one thing that you could do is, try connecting to Port 13 of the ISP. This is the port, which simply displays the system time. It will tell you how many hours ahead or behind the system is from GMT time.

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Well, this basically brings us to the end of this manual. Before I sign off, I would like to make it clear that it extremely difficult and surprising if someone is able to get the exact contact address of a person by simply knowing his IP. (Without taking help or breaking into the person’s ISP) Anyway, hope you liked this manual. Goodbye.

Ankit Fadia

ankit@bol.net.in

For more of his work visit: http://www.ankitfadia.com

To receive manuals on EVERYTHING YOU DREAMT OF Written by Ankit Fadia in your Inbox, join his mailing list, by sending a blank email to: programmingforhackers-subscribe@egroups.com